ELT

Name: Kunvarani Nidhi K

Paper: English Language  teaching’

Unit: Teaching of Language skill

Topic: Importance of listening 

           skill in Learning Language.

S. t. d: M.A-(sem-3)

Year: October-2013

Date: 25/10/2013

Submitted to: 

       The Department of English

       M. K. B.U.

      Bhavnagar.

§  Importance of listening skill in learning language.

To know the  importance of listening

 Skill before it’s very much important for the reader’s that ‘What is Listening?’

v What is listening?

Listening is one of the four skills: reading, writing, listening, and speaking. Like reading listening a receptive skill, as it involves responding to language rather than producing it.Listening involves making sense of the meaningful sounds of language.And, listening  skill related with the spoken language,which is quite different from written language.so,Let see difference between written language and spoken language in English.

v Written language in English:

Ø Written language don’t producing sound.

Ø Written language skill is visible skill.

Ø Stays on the page and doesn’t disappear.

Ø This skill is remaining as documentary.

Ø This skill need punctuation and capital

letters to show sentences

Ø Has no visual support-except photos

or pictures sometimes.

Ø This skill is usually quite well organized  sentences follow one another in logical sequences and are joined to previous or following sentences.

Ø This skill most probably uses highly and exact vocabulary and grammar

v Spoken language in English:

Ø Spoken language is sound producing skill.

Ø Spoken language skill is invisible skill.

Ø Disappears as soon as it is spoken.

Ø This skill doesn’t remaining as documentary.

Ø This skill shows sentences and meaningful groups of words through stress and intonation.

Ø In this skill speaker uses their body language to support  their communication. e. g gesture, posture.

Ø Is not so well  organized. e. g hesitations, interruptions etc. In this skill possibilities of errors in the sentence.

Ø This skill most probably speaker uses  simple  vocabulary and simple grammar.

Above given difference of written language and spoken language  in English become aware to us that, how, why and which written and spoken language either far or near to the listening skill.

v Features of listening skill:

1).Listening or Hearing:

Listening and Hearing both of different than each other. Listening man to carefully pay attention on anything or on the talk. While, Hearing is inborn capacity. And, It’s unintentional listening.

2).Interpretation:

Interpretation based on knowledge or language power punctuality in grammarperfectness in sentences.That’s all thing very nmuch important in interpretation.

3)Evaluation:

Evaluation means to judge or assessment of the anything.

In listening skill evaluation based on the listeners ability to understand

 The language, attention etc. thing, it’s much important evaluation.

4).Response/feedback:

Response or feedback is just like evaluation. In the process of ‘Response’ for the listener it’s much important language power, concentration power subject knowledge much important in to listening skill.

There are some main features of ‘listening skill’. David Nunan commented that  listening skill is the “cindrella skil” .which is overlooked by it’s elder sister “speaking”. Because, ’Listening’ and ‘speaking’ both of depends on each other. But, listening skill is passive, while speaking skill is very much active and live.

v What is the need of listening?

‘Purpose’ or ‘intense’ is necessary for listening. Because without cause we can hearing something but not listening. At least ,one ‘purpose’ of the listener is necessary to listen something. Because hearing is inborn while listening is not.

And, for the listener it’s also necessary to grasp the various kinds of listening. Because sometimes some speaker spokes very fastly and some speaker speaks very slow. so, it’s listener’s responsibility to careful about some all those things.

Ina way ,we can say that all listening are not the same. But, depends on the reason for the listening. sometimes we listen for the sake of gist, specific information, for the entertainment , detail, attitude, intention etc. above given all of some needs, and purposes of listening.

e. g  Today,in the class-room teachers also present come udio/video to convey something easily .songs of movie,child listen story for their knowledge and entertainment.There are some example of the need baesd listening.Listening skill is extra concentrative skill than speaking.Because,listening skill don’t produce sound but just only concentrate or grasping on the speaker,

v What doe teaching listening involves?

1).Hearing  is the difference between common sound.

2).Identifying important words in what someone has just say, or mentally not taking.

In this thing for the speaker it’ very much important to take care of the mind, position, nature of the listener that what should like to listen or avoid.

3).Understanding and responsible to simple instructions and commands.

4).Recognizing basic differences in information.

5).Audio/video or pictures became helpful to convey the perfect and easily what the core  idea behind the thing.

6)Understanding different spoken texts types. Identifying main ideas.

7).Understanding to naturally occurring speeches, which is not well-panned.

8).Understanding and responding to requests and to simple requests and classroom instructions.

v The language teaching in the classroom and listening skill.

In the  field of teaching 4 skills became so much important. In the class-room many things to take-care teachers and learners both.

1).silence is so much important in the listening process.

2)It’s also much important  is the ‘voice’ of teachers. Teachers voice should be Audible and with the clear speech.

3).Live teaching is more influential and beneficial than the other way. Because through live interaction learner can share some difficulties with the teachers while in another system it’s not possible.

4).some listening texts in course books are authentic.

5).story or mythical technique also helpful to easily got the idea about  the speakers view.

6).Role-play or task based activities are so much helpful for the learners to increase their confidence.

7).teacher has to  be careful  about the level of learners.

v Conclusion:

There is no  specific definition for  the any skill or skill  can never be defined just introduce. so, Here I’m trying to introduce listening skill through above all some points.And, with this I conclude my point ‘Listening skill’ how helpfully in to learning language.

The Modernist Literature

Name:  Kunvarani  Nidhi  KPaper: ’The Modernist Literature’

Unit: ’To The Lighthouse’

Topic: ’Feminism’ in ‘To The Lighthouse’

S. t. d: M.A-(sem-3)

Year: October-2013

Date: 25/10/2013

Submitted to:    

The Department of English

  M.  K. B. u

 Bhavnagar.

    ‘Feminism’ in ‘To the Lighthouse’

 Introduction:

The novel ‘To The Lighthouse’ Is written by the well-known feminist writer Virginia woolf in 1926, London .And,   it ’s first published in 1927.This novel is mainly based on the ‘feminism’ or the effects of ‘patriarchy’ in which woman Controlled by the society or male-dominated society. So , let see what is feminism and how it’s related with ‘To The Lighthouse’.

 What is the Meaning of ‘Feminism’

                       “A movement supporting equal rights for woman”.

                                                                     -Oxford English Dictionary.

                                                                                                       (p.204)

     Actually, Feminism  is the movement of man and woman’s unequal rights in the society. It’s already early begins in the minds of revolutionary woman. But, May be before the early18th century. But, before their voice repressed by the ‘patriarchal society’. But, Near by 18th century many woman started writing on the name of man because in that time woman had been no right to write. And,  then some literary movement also started revolt against that kind of biases. But, in the 18^th century writer like virginia woolf started writing with their own name  and broken down the tradition of the society-

“Man for the field, needle for she”

                                                    -A. c. Ward

But, still today also  many rights given to the woman but on paper and in reality it’s so or not. For that let see the portrait of the 18^th century. Is it true or not? Is it relevant with the our day-to-day life.

 Feminism and  ’To The Lighthouse’

This novel mainly divided in to the 3   parts.

1)    The windows

2)    Time Passes

3)    The Lighthouse 

          In the very first part begins with this dialogue-

“Yes, of course, if it’s fine tomorrow,

Said  Mrs. Ramsey .”But you’ll have to be up with the lark. ”she added.”

      This dialogue proves that she is a loving  and traditional mother who loves her child a lot. And, to give him consolation that tomorrow is whether will good we will go for the ‘Lighthouse’. In that time Mr. Ramsey said that-

“ but.” said his father, stopping in front of the drawing room window”

“It won’t be  fine.”

  This dialogue is the image of father  image in the ‘patriarchal society.’ And  second dialogue about the ‘power position’ of men in the house.

“Not only with the pleasure of disillusioning his son and casting ridicule upon his wife, who was ten times better in every way.”

                    This dialogue proves that Mr. Ramsey is not emotional or loving father or husband. so, he is not only ridiculous on her wife who is always try to pampering his ego but also ridiculous on his son  James . Who is child or immature. This dialogue also represents ‘patriarchal power’ over wife or female of the house. If male figure of the house cannot be  able to satisfy their ego through  society. Then, they try to rolling or pondering his ego on the female of the home .and, Mrs Ramsey  also represents the same thing.

“she signed, when she looked in the glass and saw her hair grey, her cheek sunk, at fifty, she thought, possibly she might have managed things better-her husband, money, his books. But for her own part she would never for a single second regret her decision; evade difficulties or slur over duties.”

        This dialogue is the ‘soliloque’ of Mrs. Ramsey herself. In which consciously or unconsciously she represents the ‘desire’ of common woman. Ideal  wife, loving mother but she is just like a ‘slave’ of husband or male of the house. She has to always obey to her husband and child but she has no time to spend sometimes for her own sake.

That ‘desire’  comes out  in the mouth of Mrs. Ramsey. Then, comes some narration of Lily Briscoe

“Lily’s picture! Mrs Ramsey smiled: one could not take her painting very seriously; she was an independent little creature, and Mrs. Ramsey liked  her for it. so, remembering her promise, she bent her head.

   This dialogue shows different mindset of traditional woman and revolutionary woman both. Then, The second part passed in very few pages. Which is quite longer time of 10 years.

Then, third part Lighthouse. In this part Lily’s hatred comes out towards life of Mrs. Ramsey. As-

“Giving, Giving, Giving

She had died and had left all those. Really, she was angry with Mrs. Ramsey with her brush slightly trembling in her fingers. she looked at the hedge, the wall. It was all Mrs. Ramsey’s doing she was dead.”

This outer hatred of Lily shown her a lot pain and sympathy towards Mrs. Ramsey. Because  through out herlife  she just remain as Ibsen ’s “Doll’s House”. But Lily is totally different character than her. Lily is not enduring character but modern or revolutionary character. She has a object with the life of Mrs Ramsey, because during her whole life time she given everything to everyone but what she get from during her life?’?Nothing’ And, that ‘nothing’ goes hatred towards  Mrs Ramsey’s life.

  In the end of the novel after finishing the picture ,she proves get back to  the answer to Tansley ’ s argument. He told Lily that-

“Women can’t paint, or write.”

 Then, looked at  from the steps they were empty; she looked at her canvas ;it was blurred ,with a sudden intensity, as if she saw it clever for a second, she drew  a line there ,in  the centre .Then, she speaks-

“It was done, It was finished.”

In this line Lily Briscoe reached at her destination. she felt happiness because she achieves what she wants.

“yes  , she thought, laying down her brush in extreme, I have  had my vision.”

End of the novel with this sentence. May be, here, ’vision’ is to become a famous painter. But, ‘patriarchy ‘  like Tansley through her confidence goes down. but, now she had a ’vision’ to do something more. Now, she is able to became a good painter that she felt. May be, here ‘vision’ is that vision.

And, the another thing is that, till the death of  Mrs.  Ramsey society or her husband don’t allow her to that much reverence ,whom for that she was realiable. But after drawing her picture, Briscoe made her immortal, just like john keats  poem ’The Grecian urn’ always permanent. Which is quite revoltic voice of Virginia Woolf behind that thing.

 Difference between the character of Mrs.Ramsey LilyBriscoe:

  Mrs Ramsey:

Ø Ideal house wife.

Ø Moral Woman.

Ø Inner suffering hiding out in the heart.

Ø Obedient woman.

Ø Construction of traditional woman.

Ø Old Enduring power is more than Lily Briscoe.

Lily Briscoe:

Ø Dependent  woman.

Ø Modern Woman.

Ø Inner suffering pondering out.

Ø Revolutionary woman.

Ø Rule broker new woman.

Ø Young.

Ø Enduring power is not in the character of  Lily Briscoe.

There are some differences between Lily Briscoe and Mrs.Ramsey.The character of ‘Mrs.Ramsey’ is the idea image of the society .When society loves.While the character like’ Lily Briscoe ‘ not become that much likable in the eyes of ‘patriarchy’.Because,she was rule broker character in the patriarchal society of the novel.

As per view of one critic-

“Alas!A woman that attempts the pen.

Such an intruder on the rights of men,

Shuch a presumptions creature is esteem’d

The fault can by no virtue be redeeem’d

         -Anne Finch,Countess of Winchilsea

 But,After writing this kind of novel she cross the boundary of her century.she was broken the tradition that-

“You don’t take coffee after tea.”

 But,she  was broken down that tradition of the century.

 Conclusion:

So,Above all those points and also ‘Bechdel Test’ proves that “To The Lighthouse ” the novel is really ‘feministic’novel.

“In constrast to an angry or loving fixation.on male literature. The programme of Gynocritics is to construc a female framework. For, the analysis of women’s literature,to develop new models based on the  study  of female experiment, rather  than to adopt male models and theories.”

     -Toward ‘A Feminist poetics’ by Elaine showalter.

The American Literature

Name: Kunvarani Nidhi K

Paper: The American  Literature’

Unit: ‘The old Man and The Sea’ : Earnest Hemingway(1952)

Topic: Similarities and dissimilarities between  an autobiographical elements of the life of ‘Earnest Hemingway’ and ‘The old Man’ of a ‘novella’ ‘the old man And The Sea.’

S. t. d: M.A-(sem-3)

Year: October-2013

Date: 25/10/2013

Submitted to: 

                      The Department of English

                        M. K. B.U

                        Bhavnagar.

§  Similarities and dissimilarities between  an autobiographical elements of the life of ‘Earnest Hemingway’ and ‘The old Man’ of a ‘novella’ ‘The old man And The Sea.’

v Introduction:

‘The old Man and  the sea’  a novella is written by American writer ‘Earnest Hemingway’ a major novelist of America. ’The old Man and the Sea(1952)’ is the last and best work of Hemingway.

v What is the meaning of ‘novella’:

“The term for the novel in most European languages is ‘’roman”, which is a derivative from the medieval “romance”. The English name for the form, however, is derived from the Italian ‘novella’, which was short tale in prose. In fourteenth-century Italy there was a great vogue for collections of ‘novelle’, some serious and some scandalous ;the best known of these collections is Boccaccio’s ‘Decameron’, which is still available in English translation at any well-stocked book store”.

                        -‘A Glossary of Literary Terms’ by M.H.ABRAMS

                          Third  Edition.

                          Page.115

                       It’s simple meaning is ‘novel’ means ‘new’ and ‘novella’ the portion or short part or short piece then ‘novel’ but in new form ‘The old Man and the sea’ is also a ‘parable novella’. ’parable’ means short narrative presented with stress through the narrator trying to tell what they want to tell the readers.

v ‘The old man and the sea’ as a novella:

‘The old man and the sea’ is the great and very much inscriptional ‘novella’ by ‘Earnest Hemingway’.

The  title of ‘The old man and the sea’ itself suggestive,

The  main thing is arronded  and surrounded by  ‘The old Man’.

‘The old Man and the Sea’ a novella begins with the narration of an ‘Old Man’,and his name was ‘santiago’. Who fished alone in a skiff in the Gulf stream and he had gone eighty four days now  without taking a single fish.

In the first forty days a boy  had been gone with him.But, after forty days ‘MANOLIN’s parents deny them and told that ‘The Old Man’ is definitely ‘Salao’ means very ‘unlucky person’. And, he had to obey the orders of his parents.And,the boy had gone, with another fisherman who caught three good big fish in the first  week.’’ MANOLIN became  happy, but when he seen ‘The old Man’ with only the scurl of the fish in that time further he became sad for ‘The Old Man’ replies to a boy,

“No, I am not Lucky. I am not lucky anymore.”

                         -‘The old Man and the sea’(p.91)

Still ,MANOLIN tried to gave  him consolation.And, says,

“The hell with luck…I’ll bring the luck with me.”

                     -‘The Old Man and The Sea’ by Hemingway

                       Page.91

   And, In last scene ‘The old Man’ became tired and ‘MANOLIN’ suggest him for to take rest .And,this novella endind with the narrator’s narration that-

  One thing made sad to boy that ‘The oldM<an’ come up with empty hands.But,Then even a boy only  one friend. Care-taker , supporter and everything for ‘The old Man’.

After failure of many times neither  ‘The old Man’ nor the boy become ‘hopeless’.It shows the strong determination and struggle for the survival of the 20^th century their  common man.They both of always be positive towards their ‘dream’.In both of’s mind one dream always played that one day they have also one ‘big Fish’.

And,After eighty five days,when SANTIAGO come back in that

time we can see this picture which is the voice of narrator –

“Up the road,in his shack,the old man was sleeping again .He was sleeping again .He was still sleeping on his face and the boy was sitting by him watching him. ‘The old Man’ was dreaming about the lions.”

That’s the end of a novella.In this novella ‘The old Man and the sea’ some main themes are ‘strong determination’,’endurance’,’passion to achieve goal,’ and ‘old is Gold’etc.

v An autobiographical elements of the life of ‘Earnest Hemingway’:

‘Spokes Man’ of the America,Earnest Hemingway was born in oak park, Illinois, in 1899. He was the second son of Clarence Hemingway.and Grace Hall. His father was encouraged his son’s athletic skills while mother was known her son’s artistic talents.During his school days,he wrote some poems,articles for the school newspaper,and also wrote short stories .After gradfuation he became a reporter on  the ‘kansas city star’.Then he was as  applied his career on the field of writing. And,some of them ‘The old man and the sea’ is his most popular work by Hemingway.

In the end of the 1920s he was married then suddenly divorce from Hadley in 1927 and by the within a couple of time he married with Pauline Pfeiffer and in the same year divorced with her just because of Marthga Gellhorn.Then he became  a  war correspondent with the  U.S fourth Infantry Division where he met one another lady Martha and get married and within  a one year divorced with her. Then married with Welsh Mary. so, We can say that Hemingway’s life was not straight forward.  But, many twist and turns comes in his life.No one supporter for his life whole  time.

v Similarities between  the life of ‘Earnest Hemingway’ and ‘The old Man’. :

‘The old Man and the sea’  is  an interesting personal allegory. SANTIAGO ,the old fisherman ,who sets about his business with care and precision and extraordinary courage and strong will-power represent Hemingway. Then, the life of ‘old Man’ and ‘Hemingway’ both ’s empty like that his ‘empty hands  everyday’  no wife or any care taker for neither Hemingway nor SANTIAGO.In his all life time during Hemingway thirst for the ‘wife’ .While ‘SANTIAGO’ all his life time during thirst for the ‘fish’.And,both of suffers a lot to get their determination.Gulf,stream, and the journey of America it’s true elements of his life .And,the marlin hidden in the sea’s depth represent the ‘sea’ as a depth and ‘marlin’ as a truth  And’gulf’ represent the ‘truth is behind the depth’ of the story.

Hemingway’s some elements of Christianity and the knowledge of roman catholic represent some autobiographical elements of the life of Hemingway writer also felt the same except boy with him but not when he really need  him. While,In the life of Hemingway his wife was died. And,in the life of ‘SANTIAGO’ no wife she was died. And, the same struggling nature.The stronger word of Hemingway, he puts out in the mouth of ‘The old Man.’-

“A man can be destroyed but not defeated.”

 This sense of ‘isolation’ and strong voice, he spoken in the time of he accept the Nobel prize on his novella-

“If he is a good enough writer must face eternity or the lack of it each day.”

                 -Hemingway

 The same thing ‘The old Man’ felt  everyday . While, the old age is itself represent the age of Hemingway.

There  are some similarities between both of ’s life.

v Dissimilarities between the life of ‘Earnest Hemingway’ and ‘The old Man’:

There are also some dissimilarities between both of’s life.Hemingway was learned  man while ‘SANTIAGO’ very poor and common people.Hemingway after the death of his wife married many times but ‘The old man’ not.In his workHemingway was very positive.But,in his real life he himself committed suicide he cannot able to fight with the problems of life.While,’the old Man’ faught till theend .’The old Man’ was more good loving husband than the Hemingway.,That’s why he can’t bear the memories in his house’s wall.Because it makes him coward.

Till the end he didn’t got the ‘truly fish’ proved that he really keep it with him’big fish’.so, He became ’winner’. While, Hemingway don’t achieve that type of sympathy or ‘big fish’ or determination or peaceful life till the end of the life . While, ’SANTIAGO’ didn’t got the ‘big fish’ but Skelton of the fish made him immortal and ‘winner’ in the end.

v Conclusion:

Above given all some similarities and the dissimilarities between the life of Earnest Hemingway writer and the protagonist of the work ‘The old Man  and the sea’s character. ’The old Man’.

The Post-Colonialism

Name:Kunvarani Nidhi K

Paper:The Post-Colonial Literature

Unoit:Postcolonialiosm:  A background reading

           from:Ania Loomba’s Colonialism/Postcolonialism.

Topic:Ania Loomba’s views about Colonoialism/Postcolonialism.

S.t.d:M.A-(sem-3)

Year:October-2013

Date:25/10/2013

Submitted to: 

The Department of English

M.K.B.U

Bhavnagar.

•   Ania Loomba’s views about Colonialism/ Postcolonialism:

v Introduction :

Before further reading for the readers or students ,it’s very much necessary to know about the term ‘Colonialiosm’.In the term ‘Colonialism’, first of all first 6 letters introduces the word ‘colony’.As per the view of’Oxford English Dictionary.’ The meaning of  ‘Colony’ is-

“A Country under the Control of another and occupied by settlers from there.”

And, this term ‘colony’ creates two another terms.

Coloniozers  &   Colonized

 

It means First world country,person or things ruled over another third world country,person or things and felt them inferior,subaltern or slave in between ruler known as colonizers and whom open they ruling out they known as the ‘Colonized’.

v Roots of colonialism/postcolonialism:

There is no much difference between colonialism / postcolonialism. There are both of sit  together.It’s not like that Colonialism/ postcolonialism begans with the ending of 20^th century or after post-war.But,actually It’s roots werte in the columbus’s arrival  for the new found land and with the vasco-de-gama’.

v Colonial/postcolonial writers:

Chinua Achebe, Althusser (1971)’s work ‘Lenin and philosophy and other Essay translation, Ascroft, Griffiths(1995),Baudrillard, Homi k Bhabha, cessaire, Gayatri chakravorty spivak, Frantz Fannon,Gramasci, Mahasweta Devi, Shashi Tharu,Thiongo etc… some prominent writers of the colonial/postcolonial  writings.

v Ania Loomba:

Ania Loomba is catherine Bryson professor in the field of English at the  pennysylvania.Her popular works are:

1. ‘Gender,Race, Renaissance Drama.

2. ‘Dead Woman Tell No Tales:Issues of     

     Female subjectivity’.

3.’shakespeare, Race and colonialism(2002)

4.’Postcolonial studies and Beyond(2005)

    

There are some great and influential works of Ania Loomba.

The term colonialism is so much near to the word ‘imperialism’.

The term according to ‘OED’ it’s comes from the Roman term ‘colonia’ which means ‘farm’or ‘settlement’.It means Roman who settled in other lands but still  their deep craving for their own land.The ‘oxford English Dictionary’ defined  it as-

“A settlement in a newcountry… a body of people who settle in a new locality,forming a community subject to or connected with their parent state;the community so formed , consisting of the original settlers and their descendants and successors,as long as the connection with the parent state is kept up.”

  -Ania Loomba’s colonialism/

   postcolonialism (p.7)              

                                                             

The process of colonialism/postcolonialism today just remain for the land.But, it’s became much wider and wider. It’s based on language,land,race, gender ,attitude economy there are all those thing decides that one is ‘superior’ another is ‘Inferior’.And, Ania Loomba talked about the same things here.so let’s see-

v Ania  Loomba’s views about colonialism/ postcolonialism:

Colonialism is the physical occupation of territory and post-colonialism deals with The effects of colonization on cultures and societies.In the beginning of the book, on the publication of the  ‘second Edition’ of the book peter Hulme given few lines that-

“colonialism/postcolonialism is both a crystal-clear  ato read.”of book beachers who dents radical potential.It’s exactly the sort of book teachers who dents to read.”

-Peter Hulme ,Department of Literature,Film and The univerdsity.

Ania Loomba’s colonialism/postcolonialism.

In her book ‘colonialism/postcolonialism’.she mainly discussed about how ‘colonialism’ relevant with the person,place or anything.This book ‘colonialism/postcolonialism mainly divided in to the three Parts.

In which 1 chapter about coloniaslism/postcolonialism

 Imperialism, Neo-colonialism,post-colonial discourse etc.

2^nd chapter relates with the ‘Identities’ about Race, class ,colonialism  psychoanalysis,gender  sexuality and Hybridity.

3^rd chapter about  ‘challenging  colonialism’-Nationalism and Pan-Nationalisms,Fenminism,Nationalism, and postcolonioalism, can the subaltern speak?,post-modernism, ands postcolonial studies.

And,The last chapter about ‘Globsalisation’Colonialism/  postcolonialism .  So,let see all some views of Ania Loomba.

v colonialism/postcolonialism:

As we earlier discussed “colonialism” means first world country power over second, third and fourth  world country.This process known as colonialism/postcolonialism.

v Imperialism:

The ‘OED’ defines ‘imperial’ as ‘pertaining to empire’ and’imperialism’ as the ‘rule of an emperor, especially when despotic or arbitary;

 And, this word coined by British prime minister Benjamin in Disraeli in 1870s.And joseph chamberlain supporter of the movement.

v Neo-colonialism:

‘Neo-colonialism’ known as the ‘Neo-imperilism’ and ‘New-imperialism’ is the highest stage of colonialism. Because, in this process the strong      nation of the world rulled over the another seeking  political and economic hegemony over an independent nation or extended geographical area without  necessarily  reducing the subordinate nation or area about the legal state of a colony. The main aim of the ‘neo-colonialism’ is that ,after world  war-2 maintain control of their formal colonies and economic arrangements.

This term is also quite relevant with today also that one  powerful  nation  became superior in the comparision of less powerful nation. And,  then make others land their own that  is called ‘new-colonialism’.

v Colonial discourse:

Knowledge is always in the  power .This term take us to the Edward said’s ‘orientalism’. Even,’colonial discourse’ theory 1980 about Homi Bhabha given his views that it’s also dealt with the hybridity ,ambiovalalence and mimicry.while. Foiucault on,This ‘discourse’

 Is the complex of signs and practices that organize social existence and socialreproduction in colonial discourse.And,It’s mainly based on the ‘knowledge power’.

v  Colonial Literature:

Always War creates the vast influenced on the mind of the writers.And,it’s consciously or unconsciously comes out in the writings of the writers.For example Homi Bhabha,Aime Cessaire’s “A Tempest”,.Terry eagleton,Girish karnad’s “Hayavadana”,Gayatri Spivak’s “Can the Subaltern Speak?”, Shashi  Tharoor, Mahasweta  Devi and all some writers during the war periods wrote that type of works.

v Race:

‘Race ‘ how became the part of colonialism/postcolonialism that  Ania Lloomba discussed through the term ‘Race’.And,with this question:Are human beings essentially the same or different ?Is difference defined primarily by racial attributes?

Binary opposition of the society also proves that there are some differences in the human-beings.e.g

1)).Boy-Girl

     2).Day-Night

     3).Good-Bad

     4).Colonizer-Colonized

     5).Father-Mother

     6).White-Black

v Class:

Class and caste system always creates difference in the human-beings. For examples-

In India if a boy is well-set, well-educated, good-looking then even parents of girl does not allow them to marry with that boy just because he is belongs to the lower cast.While another example isa Hanif Kureishi’s film ‘My Beautiful Laundrett(1985)’ in which a White working-employer that as a non-white he shouldn’t evict his Caribbean tenant.The landlord replies:

“I am a Professional businessman ,

Not a professional Pakistani.”

This  example proves that the contextual language also became the question of ‘class-conscious’ and ‘Race Discrimination’.

v Colonialism & psychoanalysis :

The effect of ‘colonialism’ also creates vast influenced on the mind of the people also.Perhaps, That’ s why after war period sill in the pain of war. And, that effect of war also creates vast influenced on the mind of the writer also.For example, ‘The Black skin, White Masks’ in this novel through the mouthpiece of characters may be,  Fannon wants to present their own voice.

v Sexuality:

During the war period many some Woman’s becomes widows. So that  for their own survival they had to become victims of prostituition.And,so that in the writings of postcolonial period that thiong also comes out in the writings of writer also.For example-

‘The Waste Land’ by T.s.Eliot or ‘Black skin,White Masks’ by Frantz Fannon.In which comman people always had to suffered just because either to fulfilled their desire or need.In a way,’Sexuality’ also played vital role in the process of ‘colonialism’.

v Hybridity:

Colonialism/postcolonialism is also one kind of ‘Hybridity’.And,To accept  Hybridity’ is always problematic. And, ’Hybridity’ refers in its most basic sense to mixture. ’Hybridity’ is journey from biological to cultural discussions.

Then, third chapter ‘challenging  colonialism’.

v Nationalism and pan-Nationalism:

The idea of nation is itself paradox.The idea of ‘Nation’ is itself just Imaginastion.And,when we believe in the idea of ‘Nastion’ became ‘imperialism’.

When we imagine ‘India’ is our ‘Mother’ land.In that time invisible one more view also comes out with it.There  is ‘other’ also.Which is different from ‘Mother’ land.That’s very living example of the ‘Nationalism’ and ‘Pan-nationalism’.

v Feminism & postcolonialism:

Sometimes extreme ‘Feminism’  also  becomes part of the ‘colonialism’. Ania  Loomba quoted chatterji’s one example related with this topic in Bengali discourse.

The over educated woman is represented as becoming a ‘memsahib’ or English woman.  Who is don’t careful about her home or husband.so,In a way sometimes ‘Feminism’ or pseudo-Feminism’ is also the representation of ‘postcolonialism’.Too much education,like too little results in bad domestic  practices:

“If you have acquired real knowledge, than give too no place in your heart to ‘mensahib’ like behavior.That is not becoming in a Bengali house-wife.see how an educated woman can do house-work thoughtfully and systematically in a way unknown to an ignorant,uneducated woman.And,see if God had not appointed us to this place in the home,how a place this world would be,

                                       -Chatterji1989:247

This whole example is to make us clear about the idea of ‘Feminism’.And,sometimes ‘feminism’ became ‘pseudo-Feminism’or ‘self-Centredness’. And,given below idea of ‘subaltern’ is more helpful in understand ‘Colonialism/ postcolonialism’.

v Can the subaltern speak?

                                                                     

Gayatri  chakravorty  spivak was given the views about ‘subaltern’.And, she was the translation of such first world works as Jacques Derrida’s ‘Grammatology(1967),and such Third world works as Mahasweta Devi’s short stories ‘Draupadi’ and ‘Brest Giver’ against such diverse text wordsworth’s ‘prelude’ and Nietzsche’s ‘Spurs’ and Hoindu ‘sati’.

In an editorial published in ‘The storm-bell of jane 1898, josephine  Butler  commented that Indianwomen were.

“helpless,voiceless ,hopeless.Their  hopelessness appeals to the heart, inn somewhat the same way in which the helplessness the same way in which the helplessness and suffering of a dumb animal does,under the knife of a vivisector, somewhere halfway between the Martyr saints and the tortured ‘friend of man’,the noble dog, stand, it seems to me, these pitiful Indian women,girls, children as many of them are.They have not even the small powe of resistance which the Western woman may have…

                            -(Burton 19)

                         ‘colonialism/postcolonialism’

                          by Ania Loomba.

                           p.144

 In this Quote  she told that ‘helpless,voiceless, hopeless’.But,actually  it’s not like that.They are not helpless , voiceless or  hopeless but authority, superiority or upper-class don’t  gave them right  to raise their voice that’s why they are so.

v Post-Modernism:

Modernism was the earthquake in th arts which dominated the arts culture and brought down much of the structure of pre-twentieth-century practice in music,painting, literature and architect.In the movements like cubism,Dadaism, surrealism, and Futurism.

While postmodernism  is the influential paper over modernity.And,this word first used by Lyotard  in 1930 in his work ‘Answering the question:what is postmodernism?’.

And,postmodernist writers thinking from the much widerperspectives.E.g Said’s ‘orientalism’ has also been

Critiqued for combine Gramascian,Foucaultion and Derridian methods.

v ‘Globalization’:

The last point of her view about colonialism/ postcolonialism is ‘Globalization and the future of postcolonial studies.’

 It is meaningless to define our world in relation to dynamics of  European colonialism or decolonization.Globalisation can’t using concepts like margins centres. But, Today social –networking also became much helpful in to understand the process of ‘Globalization’ in context  of colonialism/ postcolonialism.

But, somewhere in the process of ‘Globalization’ also near to the colonialism/  postcolonialism.But,In social net working also some third world country  person want to just like first world. That thing is also the part of colonialism/postcolonialism.That’s one possibility of the Future of ‘Globalization’

While another is ‘Globalization’ and social-networking  through  people come together and know each - others likes ,dislikes , language, foods, thoughts, clothes,cultures and many ,more things.in that way people’s narrow mind became so vast and may be it’s also to bring out positive changes also in the future of ‘Globalization’.and That’s  a second possibility of the future of ‘Globalizatioon’.

v Conclusion:

Ania Loomba defined colonialism/ postcolonialism through the Various angles and discourse.That I’m trying to put in a very simple way.In which she was mainly discussed about colonialism/ postcolonialism, imperialism, Neo-colonialism/ Identities, Race, Psychoanalysis, Gender sexuality, Hybridity, Nationalism, and ‘Globalization’ etc. some core points of her view towards ‘colonialism/ postcolonialism.’